
{"id":2553,"date":"2018-01-02T18:31:43","date_gmt":"2018-01-02T17:31:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ceptonstrategies.com\/en\/?p=2553"},"modified":"2019-08-07T16:00:00","modified_gmt":"2019-08-07T15:00:00","slug":"gene-therapy-2-0-will-gene-editing-help-overcome-gene-therapy-limitations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ceptonstrategies.com\/en\/gene-therapy-2-0-will-gene-editing-help-overcome-gene-therapy-limitations\/","title":{"rendered":"Gene therapy 2.0: How will gene editing help overcome gene therapy limitations?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ceptonstrategies.com\/en\/gene-therapy-trap-biomanufacturing\/\"><em>In my previous article<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/gene-therapy-challenge-biomanufacturing-marc-olivier-b%C3%A9vierre\/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_profile_view_base_post_details%3BQiR4zlonSf%2BzNuQojFztrw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\"><em>,<\/em><\/a><em> I outlined the challenge of biomanufacturing for gene therapy [1]. Now that treatments have reached the market, fixation of prices will then drive the future development of these treatments. Following the recent craze for gene therapy, a new wave of innovative biotechs are arriving, based on recent advances in gene editing.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gene therapy is revolutionary. But current practices have their limits.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The two main currently adopted strategies are <em>in vivo<\/em> delivery of a transgene with AAV, or <em>ex vivo<\/em> modification of autologous cells with LV.<\/p>\n<p>In the first case, AAV does not integrate transgene into the patient\u2019s DNA. The strand after cell division is then lost. In the second case, Lentivirus integrates transgene into the patient\u2019s DNA. Even if the integration site profile of lentivirus is safer than retroviral vector\u2019s one (its predecessor), the integration is still random, preventing its safe use for <em>in vivo<\/em> therapies.<\/p>\n<p>It is then difficult with current gene therapies to combine <em>in vivo<\/em> treatment with integration into highly dividing cells. Some companies try to target, with <em>in vivo<\/em>therapies, the liver, a regenerative organ with dividing cells. For example: Vivet Therapeutics who targeting Wilson\u2019s disease, or Genethon and Audentes Therapeutics who are both developing Crigler-Najjar treatments. Between young patients who have a small liver requiring few viruses but a growing liver which may lose the transgene and adults who have a large liver requiring more product and therefore meaning higher production costs, they must find the optimal moment to treat the patient.<\/p>\n<p>In both cases, gene therapy consists of adding DNA strands to counter the gene mutation of the patient: it does not eliminate the deficient gene part. This process limits the number of pathologies for which gene therapy can be applied to, to the ones where enabling a certain level of protein production is enough for giving back functionality to the patient\u2019s cells.<\/p>\n<p><strong>These are the reasons why gene editing therapy is the next step of this revolution. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The main advantage of gene editing is its capacity to replace defective DNA, enabling to increase the number of pathologies that could be treated (not restricted to protein deficiencies). Furthermore, gene editing is targeted and enables DNA modification\/integration at a unique site, consequently avoiding random insertion properties of LV delivery but benefiting from definitive insertion into cells, even after division and independently of the delivery system used.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Because of these properties, 3 strategic approaches arise among Biotech companies. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first approach is <strong>autologous <em>ex vivo<\/em><\/strong> treatment: it is replacing and improving the current transgene-delivered-by-LV method. US based CRISPR Therapeutics and Editas Medicines are both using CRISPR technology to develop such treatments for Beta-Thalassemia and sickle cell disease. They are also both invested in new generation of gene edited immune-therapies (CAR-T).<\/p>\n<p>European biotechs are more focused on another aspect of gene editing possibilities. As gene editing enables to delete and replace, some companies such as Belgian Celyad or French Cellectis, are now using gene editing to create <strong>allogeneic immune-therapies<\/strong>. This is the second strategy. Using TALENs technology, Cellectis is pushing CAR-T therapies to the next stage: a stage where there is no need for the patient\u2019s own cell for the therapy, where the \u201cuniversal\u201d TCR-deficient CAR-T cells are stored \u201coff-the-shelf\u201d and already prepared for instillation of the treatment to the patient.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the last approach, which was first tested in human in November 2017 by Sangamo Therapeutics, is to directly perform the <strong>genetic engineering <em>in vivo<\/em><\/strong>. Sangamo used AAV delivered ZFNs editing technology to treat a MPSII patient. Following that first trial, their promising gene editing treatment received recommendation from EMA for Orphan designation in Europe in December 2017. <em>In vivo<\/em> gene editing therapies face the same biomanufacturing challenge as gene therapies, requiring high level of product delivered to the patient cells with the help of viruses [1].<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nPharmaceutical companies have started to pave the way for gene editing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pfizer started investing in gene editing in 2014 by partnering with the French Cellectis, for its allogeneic UCART19 project, a partnership to which Servier joined in the same year. One year after, Bayer and CRISPR Therapeutics created a joint venture Casebia Therapeutics for development. All these big pharmaceutical companies have starting to get a foothold in gene editing.<\/p>\n<p>Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis understood the trend to gene editing well. After its CAR-T therapy (Kymriah) was approved in the US this year, Novartis marked its presence in the field of gene therapy with <em>ex vivo<\/em> autologous gene therapy. To extend its product portfolio, Novartis also started collaborating with American biotechs Caribou Biosciences and Intellia Therapeutics for the development of <em>ex vivo<\/em>autologous gene editing therapies, managed by CRISPR technology. In addition, in May 2017, Novartis negotiated non-exclusive license for Celyad allogeneic CAR-T cells patents entering into the allogeneic market. In November 2017, Novartis also announced its collaboration with Homology Medicines for developing <em>in vivo<\/em> gene editing therapy for sickle cell anemia, via the use of AAV mediated gene editing by directed homologous recombination (AMEnDR\u2122). Novartis is now combining gene therapy and the three different gene editing approaches described above to strengthen its position on emerging technologies for rare diseases.<\/p>\n<p>[1] Gene Therapy: The Challenge of Biomanufacturing. Cepton Strategies Nov 2017<\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In my previous article, I outlined the challenge of biomanufacturing for gene therapy [1]. Now that treatments have reached the market, fixation of prices will then drive the future development of these treatments. Following the recent craze for gene therapy, a new wave of innovative biotechs are arriving, based on recent advances in gene editing. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Gene therapy 2.0: How will gene editing help overcome gene therapy limitations? &#8211; Consulting Firm in Pharmaceutical, MedTech &amp; Healthcare<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ceptonstrategies.com\/en\/gene-therapy-2-0-will-gene-editing-help-overcome-gene-therapy-limitations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gene therapy 2.0: How will gene editing help overcome gene therapy limitations? &#8211; Consulting Firm in Pharmaceutical, MedTech &amp; Healthcare\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In my previous article, I outlined the challenge of biomanufacturing for gene therapy [1]. 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